⛓ Harmonic series §

= multiple harmonics playing at once

Parts §

• “fundamental”: first harmonic
• “overtones”: higher frequency harmonics (multiples of 2)

Relations §

• “Two notes are in a ratio”
  • = their overtone series-es make two series-es of vertical tones having that ratio

Types §

• step: interval of a generic second (= 1)
  • → adjacent
• skip: interval of a generic third or more (= > 1)

Nonharmonic tones ¹ §

Neighbor tone (NT) §

• A tone that’s approached by step and then returns by step to the original tone
• Example: C → C# → C

Passing tone (PT) §

• A tone that’s approached by step and then continues by step into the same direction
• Example: C → C# → D

Anticipation (Ant) §

• A tone that’s approached by step and then remains the same (= note of second chord played early)
• Example: C → C# → C#

Escape tone (ET) §

• A tone that’s approached by step and then skips into the opposite direction
• Example: C → C# → B

Appoggiatura (App) §

• A tone that’s approached by skip and then steps onto the opposite direction
• Example: C → D → C#

Suspension (Sus) §

• Keeps a note the same and then steps downward

Retardation (Ret) §

• Keeps a note the same and then steps upwards

Changing tone (CT) §

• Two nonharmonic tones in succession
• 1. nonharmonic by ET in opposite direction of second nonharmonic
• 2. nonharmonic resolved by step

Footnotes §

1. Nonharmonic tones ↩